Operating systems

Operating systems: It is the system software that manages the hardware resources of the computer system, provides the interaction between the hardware and the user, and isolates the user from the hardware complexity, and prepares the ground for the development of applications. Operating systems are stored in the memory unit of computers called ROM, and when the computer is turned on, the necessary parts of the operating system software are brought to the memory unit called RAM and run.

Over the years, software technologies have developed as well as computer hardware. Development has been formed depending on the current need and technology. Operating systems have also experienced a development and change depending on the hardware and need that has developed over time. In the first generation of computer systems, computer specialists performed the tasks of the operating system. With the development of transistors, the transition to the second generation computer era was made and operating systems that used machine language by transferring commands on punched cards to magnetic media developed. The production of integrated circuits in third-generation computer systems has developed.This development has made computer systems faster and able to perform multiple tasks at the same time. Operating systems from this period could work time-sharing. With the development of microprocessors, the transition to the fourth generation computer systems was achieved. Microprocessors have allowed computers to access smaller sizes, while capacity, speed and availability have increased. With these features, computers have entered every area of our lives such as phones, TVs, tablets, white goods. In this period, operating systems were developed in accordance with its purpose.

Computer users today can basically choose between three main operating systems:

-Microsoft Windows

-Apple macOS

-Linux Distributions

Android; A Linux distribution that provides a platform for mobile users but lacks traditional GNU / Linux packages to make it compatible with desktop Linux distributions.

CentOSRed Hat is a Linux distribution that is compatible with Enterprise Linux but does not offer the paid support offered by Red Hat.

An operating system using the Debian Linux kernel. It is an application that encourages the use of open source software and adherence to standards.

Linux Mint is a Linux distribution that is a derivative of Ubuntu and is still based on Ubuntu repositories.

A custom Linux distribution optimized to run on RaspbianRaspberry Pi hardware.

A Linux distribution that promotes the Red Hat Package Manager (RPM). The developer has started a company of the same name that specializes in open source software.

SUSE One of the first comprehensive Linux distributions. It is derived from Slackware, which offers many similarities with Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

Scientific Linux is a proprietary distribution of use based on Red Hat. It is designed to enable scientific computing.

The most popular distribution derived from UbuntuDebian. There are several different variants for an LTS version as well as desktop, server, and various custom applications.

open A Linux distribution that is a fully open, free version of SUSE Linux Enterprise with multiple desktop packages similar to SUSE CentOS and Linux Mint.

Mobile Operating System

There are software applications that control the hardware on the hardware we use in our daily lives. As the equipment develops, their abilities increase and their abilities increase in their applications on these equipments. Mobile operating systems have also emerged for this purpose. As smart devices such as tablets, PDAs, phones and watches develop, applications that control and manage smart devices are developing. Mobile operating systems are operating systems developed for portable smart devices.

Android based on Linux, iOS developed by Apple company for mobile devices and Windows Phone developed by Microsoft, Symbian are widely used mobile operating systems.

Android operating system is an open source software and free operating system developed for mobile devices built on the Linux kernel. The fact that the Android operating system is free and open source enables the system to develop faster.

Software developers can easily develop Android applications with the advanced API (Application Programming Interface). The application development language is the Java programming language. Android applications are offered to users in the Google Play market. Apps support .apk extension.

iOS (IPhone Operating System) operating system is a Unix-based closed-source software and paid operating system developed by Apple for iPhone phones. Being a closed system makes the iOS operating system more vulnerable to attacks. The fact that it is paid reduces the number of users.

The iOS operating system was also used in devices such as iPod Touch, iPad, Apple TV, MacBook, which were developed by Apple after the iPhone. iOS does not work on any system other than Apple’s devices. In the iOS operating system, users were not allowed to develop applications until 2007. In 2007, it was announced that the Apple SDK was developed and the iOS Apps store was opened. Swift programming language is used to develop applications. A Mac computer is required to use the Swift programming language. Using the XCode development tool, iOs applications can be easily developed with the Swift programming language.

iOS operating system has a simple and useful user interface. It gives utmost importance to security. Applications developed by users are kept away from each other. If the mobile device is infected with a virus due to an application, other software of the iOS operating system will not be damaged.

Windows Phone is a closed source operating system that is the continuation of the Windows Mobile series that we met with Nokia phones with Windows CE core. Windows Phone operating system is a Windows-based operating system. But it cannot run desktop Windows applications. Developed applications are available in Windows Phone stores.

Windows Phone operating systems could not compete with iOS and Android operating systems and failed.

Symbian is an operating system developed for mobile devices based on the EPOC operating system developed by the Psion company developed by the Symbian company (Kaya, 2009). C++ programming language is used for application development.

Embedded Operating System

Embedded systems are computer systems designed for a specific purpose to increase functionality and reliability. Embedded systems are used in many places such as medical devices, calculators, white goods, smart watches, automobiles, cameras, small household appliances and toys. Developing applications for embedded systems is simpler because it has a smaller goal.

source: netdevgroup.com, istanbul.edu.tr